Earlier than and after the 2024 election, Elon Musk made it clear he disliked environmental rules and regarded them a barrier to innovation, particularly given the short timelines his corporations choose to function on.
The billionaire spent greater than $250 million to assist elect President Donald Trump and, within the first months of Trump’s second time period, Musk led the Division of Authorities Effectivity, making cuts to the federal forms and regulatory workers, together with environmental businesses, earlier than a dramatic falling out with the president.
Musk-controlled corporations have additionally developed affect in Texas, a state already recognized for a lighter contact on environmental regulation. Along with his lobbyists’ profitable observe file within the Texas Legislature, Gov. Greg Abbott cited Musk as inspiration for the state creating its personal DOGE-style workplace.
A brand new investigation from ProPublica, the Texas Newsroom, the Houston Chronicle and the Texas Tribune has discovered Musk and a Houston-area member of Congress have pushed Texas and native officers to rent Musk’s Boring Co. for a $760 million flood management undertaking within the metropolis.
Reporters Lauren McGaughy and Yilun Cheng discovered that Rep. Wesley Hunt helped pitch Boring’s involvement though the corporate builds tunnels narrower than those extensively studied by flood management consultants for the undertaking. An engineering professional warned that the quantity of the tunnels the corporate is proposing is probably not ample throughout a flood emergency. One other mentioned that the proposed tunnels, which might be constructed at shallow depths, may intrude with present utility traces and bridge foundations.
Boring has described its undertaking in pitches to lawmakers as an “progressive and cost-effective resolution.” However consultants and a few native officers query whether or not Boring must be awarded the contract. One Democratic county commissioner instructed the newsrooms that Musk shouldn’t be concerned within the Houston undertaking, arguing he has proven “blatant disregard for democratic establishments and environmental protections.”
Hunt, Musk and representatives from Boring didn’t reply to the newsrooms’ request for remark earlier than publication of the Aug. 28 story. After publication, Hunt and Musk defended the undertaking on X, the social media platform that Musk owns. Musk claimed that the tunnels would price lower than options and that extra tunnels may enhance circulation, however he supplied no additional particulars.
Officers in Houston haven’t selected a contractor for the tunneling undertaking but, and it stays to be seen which environmental rules will come into play.
Previously, Boring has discovered methods to navigate round environmental guidelines. A Boring tunnel undertaking in Las Vegas has skirted environmental, constructing and labor rules, a earlier ProPublica and Metropolis Solid Las Vegas investigation discovered.
Different Musk-owned corporations have confronted comparable criticism. Over the previous 12 months, environmental teams have additionally raised issues about an xAI supercomputing facility in Memphis, Tennessee. Musk didn’t reply to ProPublica’s request for remark.
Adam Kron, a senior legal professional on the environmental advocacy group Earthjustice, mentioned any firm ignoring or avoiding rules totally reminds him of the fracking increase within the early 2010s, when corporations moved rapidly to drill, poisoning some native communities’ groundwater within the course of. “There’s a gold rush mentality of getting on the market [first] and paying the wonderful later, as soon as you may show it,” Kron mentioned. “When you could have that form of tradition, you do see extra of the infamous makes an attempt to not search the proper permits or not adjust to the requirements.”
Right here’s what to find out about Boring and different Musk-affiliated corporations’ historical past of bumping up towards environmental rules.
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Patrick T. Fallon/AFP/Getty Photographs
Boring Co.
In Las Vegas, a earlier ProPublica investigation discovered Boring was in a position to skirt constructing, environmental and labor rules by structuring a transportation undertaking as a very personal enterprise and leaning on its native connections.
Boring is developing a deliberate 68-mile tunnel system beneath Las Vegas the place Teslas ferry passengers beneath town’s city core. The undertaking prevented prolonged evaluations by constructing its first part close to the conference heart below the auspices of the tourism authority. Since then, Boring has acquired county approval for dozens of extra miles of tunnels below obscure holding firm names.
Since Boring’s Las Vegas undertaking started, it has been cited or fined for wastewater violations. It additionally paid retroactive charges for permits after being caught tunneling with out them, reporters Daniel Rothberg and Dayvid Figler discovered. Staff for the corporate have filed complaints with the state Occupational Security and Well being Administration about “ankle-deep” water within the tunnels, muck spills and extreme chemical burns. Nevada OSHA fined the corporate greater than $112,000, after an investigation in 2023, however Boring has disputed the regulator’s allegations and contested the violations.
Boring had already been hit with a number of violations over its administration of commercial wastewater at its headquarters in Bastrop, Texas, by the Texas Fee on Environmental High quality. The corporate, whereas typically denying the allegations, was finally fined greater than $9,000 and required to make modifications on the website, in response to a TCEQ spokesperson. In 2023, the corporate utilized for a allow to dump greater than 100,000 gallons per day of commercial wastewater from Boring and SpaceX into a close-by river, but it surely was met with native resistance. A 12 months later, Boring agreed to switch wastewater to a brand new metropolis therapy plant, anticipated to open in early 2026.
Boring didn’t reply to ProPublica’s request for remark.
xAI
In June 2024, the Memphis Chamber of Commerce introduced xAI, Musk’s synthetic intelligence firm, was establishing a knowledge heart at a former manufacturing website within the southern a part of town. That got here as a shock to some members of the Metropolis Council, one in all whom instructed NPR she first heard about it on the native night information.
Inside a number of months, Musk mentioned the info heart, dubbed Colossus, was on-line. The power primarily powers the corporate’s chatbot and generative picture maker, Grok, which is built-in into X.
The electrical energy wanted for the computing energy was double what the native utility may instantly present, so xAI used methane fuel mills to convey the info heart on-line, burning fossil fuels with out a allow or air pollution management applied sciences for almost a 12 months.
“It’s an precise fuel plant in the course of a neighborhood, and also you don’t want any allowing?” Democratic state Rep. Justin Pearson, who lives 3 miles from the info heart, instructed CNN in Might. “One thing has failed drastically and considerably with our system of checks and balances.”
In January, amid wider group push again, xAI utilized for a allow for 15 mills on website. Opponents have aerial imagery they are saying reveals greater than 30 mills showing to be operational on website as late as April. Firm officers have mentioned they wouldn’t set up air pollution controls on any of the generators till the allow was authorised, which occurred in early July.
The corporate maintained permits weren’t essential to begin due to an exemption for mills on website for lower than a 12 months, a rationale Shelby County’s Well being Division agreed with. Wendi C. Thomas not too long ago reported for ProPublica and MLK50: Justice By way of Journalism on how town’s Chamber of Commerce went to uncommon lengths to advertise xAI. Memphis’ mayor has backed and defended the undertaking, saying town will handle air pollution issues with “unbiased environmental consultants” and “group profit insurance policies.” Tennessee’s governor has touted the alternatives the ability will convey to town. The EPA was starting to look into whether or not the exemption utilized to xAI in October of final 12 months; new EPA head Lee Zeldin not too long ago met with the corporate.
Neighborhood members packed an April listening to on the permits, and state representatives for the world have questioned the mayor’s belief in xAI, particularly as the corporate plans to arrange a second information heart in Memphis.
Environmental advocates have mentioned that xAI wanted permits due to the dimensions of the mills and the scope of the air pollution. In early April, the Southern Environmental Legislation Heart estimated the generators may produce, in a 12 months, between 1,200 and a couple of,000 tons of nitrogen oxides, a smog-forming air pollution related to poor respiratory well being in close by areas, in addition to the carcinogen formaldehyde.
The corporate’s mills are only some miles from a traditionally Black neighborhood already thought-about a poisonous air air pollution scorching spot due to greater than a dozen polluting amenities close by, together with a metal plant, a refinery and energy plant. The county has seen constantly low air high quality and the best fee of ER admission for bronchial asthma assaults in Tennessee. ProPublica’s air toxics map confirmed a most cancers threat scorching spot 4 instances the nationwide common close by earlier than xAI moved in.
Rules and allowing are in place as a result of unchecked air pollution can have wide-ranging impacts on a close-by group, no matter trade, mentioned Jennifer Duggan, government director on the Environmental Integrity Challenge, a watchdog nonprofit. “The environmental legal guidelines on the books are designed to guard public well being and our pure sources. If there isn’t a enforcement, when there are violations of these legal guidelines, then there isn’t a safety from industrial air pollution for these communities.”
Whereas the affect to a group is dependent upon the trade in query, in addition to size and seriousness of the air pollution, Duggan mentioned, it could imply elevated threat of untimely mortality, greater well being care prices, misplaced faculty days, misplaced productiveness for staff, beginning defects and even psychological trauma.
Permits typically require amenities to function safely and set up air pollution controls, Duggan mentioned. If these controls usually are not put in — or turned off — “then you definitely’ve bought extra air pollution within the air than the regulation permits,” which places individuals in danger.
The corporate didn’t reply to ProPublica’s request for remark.
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Brandon Bell/Getty Photographs
SpaceX
Whereas SpaceX often launches its Falcon rockets to ship satellites and astronauts into orbit, Musk’s final purpose for the corporate is far additional afield. Starship, SpaceX’s big mixed reusable rocket and launch car, is meant to finally assist ship people and cargo to Mars, and it’s at the moment a part of NASA’s effort to return astronauts to the moon.
However this system has already run into points right here on Earth, together with violations of fresh water rules throughout launch exams and a cross-border investigation into falling particles.
Starship’s launch pad is alongside the Texas shoreline, lower than 5 miles from the Mexico border, surrounded by a state park and a nationwide wildlife refuge established to guard the biodiversity of the decrease Rio Grande River. Among the many animals on this refuge are fragile shorebird populations. When requested about Starship exams in 2018, Musk mentioned on the Texas website “we’ve bought a number of land with no person round, and so if it blows up, it’s cool,” a remark that angered the residents of a close-by village.
The primary Starship launch vaporized a part of the launch website and threw particles so far as 6 miles. Then the EPA and Texas Fee on Environmental High quality mentioned Starship launches in 2023 and 2024 violated the Clear Water Act for discharging untreated industrial wastewater. SpaceX utilized for a wastewater allow in July 2024 and later mentioned it “essentially” disagreed with the allegations from regulators however settled for about $150,000 to “focus our power on finishing the missions.” In February of this 12 months, state regulators granted SpaceX a allow.
Starship’s fast-moving schedule has suffered setbacks this 12 months, with explosions throughout three launches or exams thus far. Mexico has threatened to sue over particles and potential environmental contamination crossing over the border. SpaceX mentioned in response there have been “no hazards to the encircling space.”
However the Federal Aviation Administration not too long ago authorised SpaceX for as much as 25 Starship launches a year, and the Trump administration has signed an government order saying makes an attempt to “get rid of or expedite” environmental assessment of rocket launches by the FAA, ProPublica’s Heather Vogell and Topher Sanders reported.
SpaceX didn’t reply to ProPublica’s request for remark.
Tesla
Whereas the recognition of electrical autos like Tesla in California has led to a notable decline in carbon air pollution from vehicles there, the corporate’s manufacturing unit within the state has been repeatedly admonished for releasing poisonous air air pollution and different poisonous chemical compounds into the encircling group. Tesla’s Bay Space facility has acquired extra air high quality warnings prior to now 5 years than all different corporations in California, save one: a Chevron refinery, in response to reporting by The Wall Road Journal.
By 2022, the corporate had been fined by each the native air high quality district over well being issues and the EPA for breaking federal air high quality legal guidelines. In June 2024, the district ordered Tesla to appropriate ongoing violations of poisonous air air pollution coming from the manufacturing unit’s paint outlets, allegations the corporate denied. The corporate is at the moment within the strategy of implementing an abatement plan, in response to a spokesperson for the Bay Space Air District.
Individually, dozens of California counties sued Tesla in 2024 over claims of illegally dumping hazardous waste produced at its facility and native service facilities. The corporate settled the lawsuit for $1.5 million, not admitting to wrongdoing however agreeing to 5 years of obligatory coaching and unbiased waste audits.
Musk had already moved Tesla’s headquarters to Texas in 2021, partly over complaints about California regulatory tradition. However, as the Journal reported in November 2024, Texas regulators have additionally cited the corporate for actions at Tesla’s big Gigafactory simply exterior of Austin, together with for dumping untreated wastewater, releasing air pollution in extra of its allow after which not reporting it.
A former Texas worker despatched a whistleblower memo to the EPA in 2024 accusing the corporate of asking workers to mislead authorities regulators, the Journal reported, together with creating an “elaborate ruse” throughout an inspection to ensure a troubled furnace handed an emissions take a look at. Each the EPA and Texas environmental regulators opened a “preliminary inquiry” associated to the memo in November 2024, in response to the Journal. The EPA didn’t reply to ProPublica’s query concerning the standing of the inquiry and pointed us to the TCEQ. A TCEQ spokesperson mentioned it couldn’t remark “to help the integrity of all prison investigations performed by TCEQ.”
Tesla didn’t reply to the Journal’s request for remark. However a day after the story was revealed, Musk reposted an X person who talked about the Journal story, including the message: “Legacy media is a sewage pipe of lies.”
Tesla didn’t reply to ProPublica’s request for remark.
The individuals affected by environmental violations usually are not simply the close by group, Duggan mentioned, however the staff at polluting amenities as properly. “They’re actually on the entrance line in sure industries,” she mentioned.
